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Urbanization and Its Challenges
2025-10-02

The relentless tide of urbanization draws millions to cities in search of better economic opportunities and amenities. While cities are engines of innovation and growth, this rapid concentration of population strains infrastructure and resources. I moved to a major city right after college, drawn by the promise of jobs, culture, and excitement. And it was all of those things. But I also saw firsthand how the city’s infrastructure struggled to keep up. The subway was overcrowded during rush hour, affordable apartments were nearly impossible to find, and the air quality on some days was genuinely concerning.

Overcrowding, traffic congestion, housing shortages, and increased pollution are common byproducts of rapid urbanization. My commute, which was supposed to take thirty minutes, often stretched to over an hour because of traffic. My rent increased by thirty percent in just two years, and I watched friends get priced out of neighborhoods they had grown up in. The city was becoming a place where only the wealthy could afford to live comfortably, and that felt wrong. The very people who make the city function—the teachers, the nurses, the delivery drivers—were being pushed to the outskirts.

Sustainable urban planning is critical to manage this growth. This involves investing in efficient public transportation, creating green spaces, and developing affordable housing to ensure that cities remain livable and inclusive for all their inhabitants. I’ve seen some cities do this well. For example, the city I visited last year in Europe had extensive bike lanes, reliable trams, and public parks every few blocks. It felt like the city was designed for people, not just for cars and commerce. That’s the kind of vision we need. Cities are supposed to be places where people come together, where opportunities are shared, and where life is better for everyone. With thoughtful planning and a commitment to equity, we can make that vision a reality.


Key Vocabulary#

WordPart of SpeechDefinitionExample from the text
relentlessadj.never stopping; persistent”The relentless tide of urbanization draws millions to cities…“
urbanizationn.the process of population moving to cities”The relentless tide of urbanization draws millions to cities…“
amenityn.a useful or pleasant feature of a place”…in search of better economic opportunities and amenities.”
strainv.to put under pressure or stress”…this rapid concentration of population strains infrastructure and resources.”
congestionn.overcrowding, especially of traffic”Overcrowding, traffic congestion, housing shortages, and increased pollution…“
inclusiveadj.including everyone; not excluding anyone”…to ensure that cities remain livable and inclusive for all their inhabitants.”
equityn.fairness and justice”With thoughtful planning and a commitment to equity, we can make that vision a reality.”

Grammar Focus#

1. “Supposed to” — Expressing Expectation

  • Explanation: “Supposed to” is used to talk about what is expected or intended, often when reality differs.
  • Example from text: “My commute, which was supposed to take thirty minutes, often stretched to over an hour because of traffic.”
  • Additional example: The new apartments were supposed to be affordable, but the rent is too high.

2. “Where” Clauses — Defining the Purpose of a Place

  • Explanation: “Where” can define not just a location, but the purpose or ideal nature of a place.
  • Example from text: “Cities are supposed to be places where people come together, where opportunities are shared, and where life is better for everyone.”
  • Additional example: A good city is one where people can live, work, and play without needing a car.

Practice#

  1. Fill in the blank: Sustainable urban __________ is critical to manage this growth.
  2. Translation: 城市应该是人们聚集的地方,是分享机会的地方,是每个人都能生活得更好的地方。通过周密的规划和对公平的承诺,我们可以让这个愿景成为现实。
  3. Comprehension: What problems did the author experience firsthand when living in a major city, and what solution does he propose?
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